I’ve edited a monthly magazine for more than six years, and it’s a job
that’s come with more frustration than reward. If there’s one thing I am
grateful for — and it sure isn’t the pay — it’s that my work has
allowed endless time to hone my craft to Louis Skolnick levels of
grammar geekery.
As someone who slings red ink for a living, let me tell you: grammar is
an ultra-micro component in the larger picture; it lies somewhere in
the final steps of the editing trail; and as such it’s an overrated
quasi-irrelevancy in the creative process, perpetuated into importance
primarily by bitter nerds who accumulate tweed jackets and crippling
inferiority complexes. But experience has also taught me that readers,
for better or worse, will approach your work with a jaundiced eye and an
itch to judge. While your grammar shouldn’t be a reflection of your
creative powers or writing abilities, let’s face it — it usually is.
Below are 20 common grammar mistakes I see routinely, not only in
editorial queries and submissions, but in print: in HR manuals, blogs,
magazines, newspapers, trade journals, and even best selling novels. If
it makes you feel any better, I’ve made each of these mistakes a hundred
times, and I know some of the best authors in history have lived to see
these very toadstools appear in print. Let's hope you can learn from
some of their more famous mistakes.
Who and Whom
This one opens a big can of worms. “Who” is a subjective — or
nominative — pronoun, along with "he," "she," "it," "we," and "they."
It’s used when the pronoun acts as the subject of a clause. “Whom” is an
objective pronoun, along with "him," "her," "it", "us," and "them."
It’s used when the pronoun acts as the object of a clause. Using “who”
or “whom” depends on whether you’re referring to the subject or object
of a sentence. When in doubt, substitute “who” with the subjective
pronouns “he” or “she,” e.g., Who loves you? cf., He loves me. Similarly, you can also substitute “whom” with the objective pronouns “him” or “her.” e.g., I consulted an attorney whom I met in New York. cf., I consulted him.
Which and That
This is one of the most common mistakes out there, and understandably
so. “That” is a restrictive pronoun. It’s vital to the noun to which
it’s referring. e.g., I don’t trust fruits and vegetables that aren’t organic.
Here, I’m referring to all non-organic fruits or vegetables. In other
words, I only trust fruits and vegetables that are organic. “Which”
introduces a relative clause. It allows qualifiers that may not be
essential. e.g., I recommend you eat only organic fruits and vegetables, which are available in area grocery stores.
In this case, you don’t have to go to a specific grocery store to
obtain organic fruits and vegetables. “Which” qualifies, “that”
restricts. “Which” is more ambiguous however, and by virtue of its
meaning is flexible enough to be used in many restrictive clauses. e.g., The house, which is burning, is mine. e.g., The house that is burning is mine.
Lay and Lie
This is the crown jewel of all grammatical errors. “Lay” is a
transitive verb. It requires a direct subject and one or more objects.
Its present tense is “lay” (e.g., I lay the pencil on the table) and its past tense is “laid” (e.g., Yesterday I laid the pencil on the table). “Lie” is an intransitive verb. It needs no object. Its present tense is “lie” (e.g., The Andes mountains lie between Chile and Argentina) and its past tense is “lay” (e.g., The man lay waiting for an ambulance). The most common mistake occurs when the writer uses the past tense of the transitive “lay” (e.g., I laid on the bed) when he/she actually means the intransitive past tense of “lie" (e.g., I lay on the bed).
Moot
Contrary to common misuse, “moot” doesn’t imply something is
superfluous. It means a subject is disputable or open to discussion.
e.g., The idea that commercial zoning should be allowed in the residential neighborhood was a moot point for the council.
Continual and Continuous
They’re similar, but there’s a difference. “Continual” means something
that's always occurring, with obvious lapses in time. “Continuous” means
something continues without any stops or gaps in between. e.g., The continual music next door made it the worst night of studying ever. e.g., Her continuous talking prevented him from concentrating.
Envy and Jealousy
The word “envy” implies a longing for someone else’s good fortunes.
“Jealousy” is far more nefarious. It’s a fear of rivalry, often present
in sexual situations. “Envy” is when you covet your friend’s good looks.
“Jealousy” is what happens when your significant other swoons over your
good-looking friend.
Nor
“Nor” expresses a negative condition. It literally means "and not."
You’re obligated to use the “nor” form if your sentence expresses a
negative and follows it with another negative condition. “Neither the
men nor the women were drunk” is a correct sentence because “nor”
expresses that the women held the same negative condition as the men.
The old rule is that “nor” typically follows “neither,” and “or” follows
“either.” However, if neither “either” nor “neither” is used in a
sentence, you should use “nor” to express a second negative, as long as
the second negative is a verb. If the second negative is a noun,
adjective, or adverb, you would use “or,” because the initial negative
transfers to all conditions. e.g., He won’t eat broccoli or asparagus. The negative condition expressing the first noun (broccoli) is also used for the second (asparagus).
May and Might
“May” implies a possibility. “Might” implies far more uncertainty. “You
may get drunk if you have two shots in ten minutes” implies a real
possibility of drunkenness. “You might get a ticket if you operate a tug
boat while drunk” implies a possibility that is far more remote.
Someone who says “I may have more wine” could mean he/she doesn't want
more wine right now, or that he/she “might” not want any at all. Given
the speaker’s indecision on the matter, “might” would be correct.
Whether and If
Many writers seem to assume that “whether” is interchangeable with
“if." It isn’t. “Whether” expresses a condition where there are two or
more alternatives. “If” expresses a condition where there are no
alternatives. e.g., I don’t know whether I’ll get drunk tonight. e.g., I can get drunk tonight if I have money for booze.
Fewer and Less
“Less” is reserved for hypothetical quantities. “Few” and “fewer” are for things you can quantify. e.g., The firm has fewer than ten employees. e.g., The firm is less successful now that we have only ten employees.
Farther and Further
The word “farther” implies a measurable distance. “Further” should be
reserved for abstract lengths you can't always measure. e.g., I threw the ball ten feet farther than Bill. e.g., The financial crisis caused further implications.
Since and Because
“Since” refers to time. “Because” refers to causation. e.g., Since I quit drinking I’ve married and had two children. e.g., Because I quit drinking I no longer wake up in my own vomit.
Disinterested and Uninterested
Contrary to popular usage, these words aren’t synonymous. A
“disinterested” person is someone who’s impartial. For example, a hedge
fund manager might take interest in a headline regarding the performance
of a popular stock, even if he's never invested in it. He’s
“disinterested,” i.e., he doesn’t seek to gain financially from the
transaction he’s witnessed. Judges and referees are supposed to be
"disinterested." If the sentence you’re using implies someone who
couldn't care less, chances are you’ll want to use “uninterested.”
Anxious
Unless you’re frightened of them, you shouldn’t say you’re “anxious to
see your friends.” You’re actually “eager,” or "excited." To be
“anxious” implies a looming fear, dread or anxiety. It doesn’t mean
you’re looking forward to something.
Different Than and Different From
This is a tough one. Words like “rather” and “faster” are comparative
adjectives, and are used to show comparison with the preposition “than,”
(e.g., greater than, less than, faster than, rather than). The
adjective “different” is used to draw distinction. So, when “different”
is followed by a preposition, it should be “from,” similar to “separate
from,” “distinct from,” or “away from.” e.g., My living situation in New York was different from home. There are rare cases where “different than” is appropriate, if “than” operates as a conjunction. e.g., Development is different in New York than in Los Angeles. When in doubt, use “different from.”
Bring and Take
In order to employ proper usage of “bring” or “take,” the writer must
know whether the object is being moved toward or away from the subject.
If it is toward, use “bring.” If it is away, use “take.” Your spouse may
tell you to “take your clothes to the cleaners.” The owner of the dry
cleaners would say “bring your clothes to the cleaners.”
Impactful
It isn't a word. "Impact" can be used as a noun (e.g., The impact of the crash was severe) or a transitive verb (e.g., The crash impacted my ability to walk or hold a job).
"Impactful" is a made-up buzzword, colligated by the modern marketing
industry in their endless attempts to decode the innumerable nuances of
human behavior into a string of mindless metrics. Seriously, stop saying
this.
Affect and Effect
Here’s a trick to help you remember: “Affect” is almost always a verb (e.g., Facebook affects people’s attention spans), and “effect” is almost always a noun (e.g., Facebook's effects can also be positive).
“Affect” means to influence or produce an impression — to cause hence,
an effect. “Effect” is the thing produced by the affecting agent; it
describes the result or outcome. There are some exceptions. “Effect” may
be used as a transitive verb, which means to bring about or make
happen. e.g., My new computer effected a much-needed transition from magazines to Web porn. There are similarly rare examples where “affect” can be a noun. e.g., His lack of affect made him seem like a shallow person.
Irony and Coincidence
Too many people claim something is the former when they actually mean
the latter. For example, it’s not “ironic” that “Barbara moved from
California to New York, where she ended up meeting and falling in love
with a fellow Californian.” The fact that they’re both from California
is a "coincidence." "Irony" is the incongruity in a series of events
between the expected results and the actual results. "Coincidence" is a
series of events that appear planned when they’re actually accidental.
So, it would be "ironic" if “Barbara moved from California to New York
to escape California men, but the first man she ended up meeting and
falling in love with was a fellow Californian.”
Nauseous
Undoubtedly the most common mistake I encounter. Contrary to almost
ubiquitous misuse, to be “nauseous” doesn’t mean you’ve been sickened:
it actually means you possess the ability to produce nausea in others.
e.g., That week-old hot dog is nauseous. When you find yourself disgusted or made ill by a nauseating agent, you are actually “nauseated.” e.g., I was nauseated after falling into that dumpster behind the Planned Parenthood. Stop embarrassing yourself.
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